Description Of Alzheimer s Disease - 1273 Words

Description: Alzheimer’s disease is a disease that attacks the brain’s neurons resulting in loss of memory, skills, and normal behaviors. The affected neurons produce the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine. However, when affected by the disease, acetylcholine connections break and kill the cells. The location of the dying neurons correspond with the symptoms that appear. The most obvious example of this would be the dying of neurons in the hippocampus. The hippocampus is the part of the brain responsible for short term memory. Once the neurons inside the hippocampus die, a patient with Alzheimer’s will not be able to make new memories. Along with the dying of neurons, another cause can be plaque and tangles in the brain. Beta-Amyloid plaque†¦show more content†¦Failure to remember newly learned information is one of the first symptoms. This happens because the part of the brain that controls learning is affected. As the symptoms continue to progress, a pat ient with this disease may experience disorientation, serious memory loss, mood and behavior changes, confusion about places, people, events or time, difficulty walking, swallowing, and possibly speaking. There are many warning signs that could indicate this disease is becoming active in your life. Some warning signs include: memory loss that disrupts daily life, challenges in planning or solving problems, difficulty completing familiar tasks, confusion with time or place, new problems with words or speaking, misplacing things, poor judgement, and changes in mood or personality. There are three main stages of the disease: mild (early onset), moderate, and severe. A person with mild Alzheimer’s can still function independently. They may still do most of the things they do everyday such as drive, participate in activities, and go to work. However, they will have slight temporary memory loss of everyday items and locations. Doctors, families, and friends can tell that the patient is having difficulty remembering or saying things that they would normally remember easily. Moderate Alzheimer’s is the next stage, this stage can last for many years and require more care. The neurons in

Biology Notes - 749 Words

4-1 The high concentration of urea might unfold proteins because urea is a very good hydrogen donor and hydrogen acceptor. Urea molecules are basically able to fit in between hydrogen bonds and eventually destabilize the structures of the proteins. 4-6 A. If you were to have a feedback inhibition from Z that affects BïÆ'  C it would mean that there would be an increased pathway form BïÆ'  XïÆ'  YïÆ'  Z. B. If you had a feedback inhibition from Z that affects YïÆ'  Z would keep the amounts of X and Y the same but it would hinder the amount of X. C. If Z is a positive regulator for the step BïÆ'  X that means that there would be more Z produced to help B get through X and the rest of the pathway. D. If Z is a positive regulator for the step BïÆ'  C this would be a†¦show more content†¦F. True; Allosteric enzymes do have two or more binding sites which actually work as regulator sites apart from the active site. G. False; Noncovalent bonds can act together forming the three-dimensional structure. H. False; Affinity chromatography doesn’t separate specific macromolecules because of the interactions with ligands, but because of their charge. I. False; It is the opposite way around, the larger the organelle, the more centrifugal force it experiences. 4-14 A. ES in this equation represents the Enzyme Substrate. B. The first step is shown with bidirectional arrows because you can actually turn an enzyme substrate back to just an enzyme and a substrate but it is very hard to turn an enzyme product back. C. E is an enzyme catalyst so it appears at both ends of the equation. D. High concentrations of P often inhibit the enzyme because it can inhibit the activation by lowering the concentration of the free E. E. X would ultimately be an inhibitor to the reaction. In the reaction P has to be made before preventing the reaction so it would take longer than X considering X would be present at the beginning. 4-18 The enzyme most likely has a mutation which causes its structure to not be that stable hence the heat-inactivation. The enzyme must have a polypeptide chain that is denatured from a temperature increase collectively but when the temperature is decreased they most of the time do not refoldShow MoreRelatedNotes of Biology1706 Words   |  7 PagesQ1:Why is reproduction essential for organisms? Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms. It is a biological process through which living organisms produce offspring’s similar to them. Reproduction ensures the continuance of various species on the Earth. In the absence of reproduction, the species will not be able to exist for a long time and may soon get extinct. Q2:Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why? Sexual reproduction is a better mode of reproductionRead MoreA Short Note On The Biology Of Retinoblastoma1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Biology of Retinoblastoma Abstract Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina of the eye, predominantly in young children. It occurs due to the mutation in the Rb gene, leading to the production of a dysfunctional Rb protein that cannot bind to a transcriptional factor in order to prevent further progression in the cell cycle. Consequently, uncontrolled proliferation takes place which results in a cancer developing. Two forms of the disease exist; familial and sporadic. In the familialRead MorePreliminary Biology Yearly Notes6280 Words   |  26 PagesBiology Year 11 Yearly Notes Chapter One – A local ecosystem 1.1 Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments -Ecosystem: any environment containing living organisms interacting with each other and with the non-living parts of that environment. -Environment: the environment of an organism is its surroundings, both living and non-living -Habitat: the habitat of an organism is the place where it lives. Australian Environments * Terrestrial environments are environments on land. Land covers aboutRead MoreAp Biology Chapter 20 Notes756 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 20: DNA Technology Biotechnology: Use of living organisms to perform tasks. * Wine cheese * Selective breeding * Antibiotic production * Recombinant DNA Restriction Enzymes * Bacterial enzymes: cut up foreign DNA * Specific: only but at recognition sequences * Palindromic: cut at the same base sequence on each strand, but in the opposite direction * The exposed bases provide â€Å"sticky ends† * H-bond to compliment bases of segments cut with same restrictionRead MoreAlexMccourt The Student Room Biology Notes1884 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿F214 Communication, Homeostasis and Energy Module 2 Excretion 4.2.1 Excretion a. Define the term excretion Excretion-The removal of metabolic waste from the body which are by products or unwanted substances from cell processes. b. Explain the importance of removing metabolic wastes, including carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste from the body Carbon dioxide Excess carbon dioxide is toxic and has three main effects: The majority of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as hydrogencarbonateRead MoreBiology Chapter 35 and 39 Notes2121 Words   |  9 PagesChapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals No groups of plants is more important to human survival than seed plants plants are key sources of food fuel wood products and medicine our reliance of plants Products from Seed Plants Most of our food comes from angiosperms Six crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans Wheat Rice Maize Potatoes Cassava sweet potatoes Other Products from Seed Plants Secondary compounds of seed plants are used in medicines Read MoreA Short Note On Beta Catenin And Molecular Biology1452 Words   |  6 Pagesof target and key citation 0% Beta Catenin (ÃŽ ²-catenin) or Catenin Beta-1 (CTNNB1) protein. Key citation: Ma, X.Y., Ma, C.X. and Wang, J.H. (2014) Endometrial Carcinogenesis and Molecular Signaling Pathways. American Journal of Molecular Biology, 4, 134-149. 1.2. What is the normal function of the target? 10% ÃŽ ²-catenin is a proto-oncogene and it is encoded by CTNNB1 gene. It forms a component of the E-cadherin – catenin unit which plays essential roles in the cell differentiation andRead MoreBIOLOGY GRADE 11 NOTES Essay examples6702 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿Biology Grade 11 Exam Study Guide Diversity Taxonomic Categories Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Hierarchy From most general to most specific Binomial Nomenclature System used to identify all organisms on Earth Identifies an organism by its genus and species (ex. Humans-homo sapiens) Developed by Linnaeus in the 18th century Identifying Species 3 methods: Morphology ïÆ'   Form and shape ïÆ'   It is simple but there are natural variations in population Read MoreChapters 1-5 Notes Ap Biology3353 Words   |  14 PagesChapter 1: Biology- The study of life A Hierarchy of Organization 1. Molecules 2. Organelle 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organism Emergent Properties- Novel properties that emerge as each step up the hierarchy of biological order is taken. Reductionism- Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Cells- The lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life, all organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of structureRead MoreCCEA GCSE BIOLOGY unit 1 notes Essay4997 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿BIOLOGY NOTES. UNIT 1: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Word Equation: Light Carbon Dioxide + Water Oxygen + Glucose Chlorophyll How to test a leaf for starch: 1. Dip leaf boiling water for about 1 minute to soften it, stop further chemical changes and make the cell more permeable. 2. Turn off Bunsen burner. Put the leaf into the

Resources of Agency and Competition Law †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Resources of Agency and Competition Law. Answer: Introduction The case was related to ANZs wish that Mortgage refunds agree to limit the refund amount for the customers in respect of arranging ANZ home loans. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited is providing the mortgage loans to customers through internet and external channels. Mortgage refunds are an independent firm which is engaged in the distribution of mortgages of ANZ. Mortgage refunds are offering refund to customers from some part of its commission if its mortgages are approved by ANZ (MacCallum, 2016). The ACCCs claim was that ANZ is providing loan arrangement facilities to its customers internally. ACCC had fought two cases of fixing of prices. One was against Fight centre and other was against ANZ. In the case related to Fight centre, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission alleged that Fight centre entered into contract with three airlines to maintain the prices for air travel. This report describes in detail the facts of the case, the duties breached by ANZ, the decision of Full Federal court and the reasons behind the decision. ACCCs main aim is to avoid anti-competition agreements. As per ACCCs allegation, ANZ was indulging in the price fixing. ACCC alleged that Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited made an agreement that it is going to only allow Mortgage Refunds to offer Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited mortgage products if the Mortgage refunds agreed on the terms and conditions of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited. The terms and conditions include that Mortgage refunds was required to limit the amount of refund to its customers to $600 for the arrangement of loan services and it will allow Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited branches to match the deal if they chose to waive the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limiteds loan establishment fee (Adams, 2016). As per ACCC, Mortgage refunds and Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited were competitors in the market for the provision of services related to loan provisions. Full Federal Courts decision The courts decision was in favour of Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited .The Full court of the Federal court of Australia dismissed the price fixing appeal made by the Australian competitive and consumer commission. The Full court dismissed Australian Competitive and Consumer commissions allegation against the Australian and New Zealand Banking Group Limited for breaching the provisions of price fixing under Competition and Consumer act, 2010 (ACL, 2015). The court has given the decision that ANZ did not complete with Mortgage refunds and other independent mortgage brokers. The full court also observed that The competition can be possible for the internal and external distribution channels. The court also ordered that ACCCs priority is to avoid anti-competitive practices and agreements because impeding competition damages the businesses and consumers and this is harmful for the entire economy. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission appealed against the decisi on given by the Federal court. As per the investigation of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, ANZ breached the duty of care, improper use of information and the duty to act with diligence under the corporation law by fixing the prices. So, ANZ breached two laws, one was corporation law and the other was Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Journals talk, 2016). ACCC was successful in its appeal against fight centre but was unsuccessful in the appeal against ANZ. The ACCC alleged that ANZ is liable for fixing of prices under section 45 of Trade Practices act, 1974 now it is Competition and Consumer act, 2010. The court held that price fixing applied to contracts between competitors. The ANZ and Mortgage refunds were not competitors so there were zero chances of price fixing between them. The court also stated that section 45A was not applicable on this case. Because this section says competition may occur between two parties with relevant arrangements. Section 45A applies when two parties are having relevant arrangements with two profit centres and there will be two separate entities of both the parties. These conditions are not satisfied in this case (Yuile, 2017). So, ANZ is not liable under section 45A. The decision of the court was clear after Justice Dowsetts says that between the loan arrangement services of ANZ and Mortgage refunds, there was no competitive overlap. Reaction of ACCC against the judgement ACCC was not satisfied with the judgement given by the full federal court. ACCC reacted against the judgement given by the full federal court. According to ACCC, there was no issue with healthy competition because healthy competition brings prices down, results in innovation and better quality services to the customers. This type of competition leads to various types of advantages to customers. But the competition that was in this case results in factors that harm the interests of consumers. According to ACCC, in this case, both Mortgage refunds and ANZ were dealing in loan services. So, it was the proof for the fixing of prices. The major reason behind federal courts decision in favour of ANZ was the lack of evidence with ACCC (Akman and Sokol, 2017). ANZ did not show any evidence in its defence because ANZ was aware about the fact that the case was not strong from the side of ACCC because ACCC was putting allegation without evidence. As per the rules and regulations of court, a cas e without evidence was considered as irrelevant. It was impossible for ACCC to prove that ANZ breached the duties under Competition and Consumer act, 2010. ACCC argued that the fixing of prices between Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited and Mortgage refunds took place because ANZ and Mortgage refunds are competitors in the market for providing loan arrangement services (Varney, 2016). But the court found that Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited and Mortgage refunds were not the competitors for the loan arrangement services provisions in the market. So, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited was not held liable for any price fixing agreement. ACCC alleged that Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited was competing with other brokers in the market. The court again dismissed this allegation of ACCC by stating that ANZ was not involved in the marketing of any loan services against the brokers. The court found Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited innocent in both the allegations made by Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. So, these were the reasons behind the court decision favo uring Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (McHugh and Foster, 2016). The case against Fight centre was also related to fixing of prices. The Federal court decided against the Fight centre because according to the full federal court, the fight centre was in competition with other airlines for booking services. So, there were chances that Fight centre was engaged in price fixing. The reason behind the judgement of full federal court against ACCC in this case was that the court found that ANZ was not in competition with the Mortgage refunds. So, without having competition in the market, the chances of fixing of price do not arise. The reason behind the positive outcome of Fight centre case was that ACCC was confident about the success because of proper evidences at that time (Oliver and Schoff, 2017). In Fight centre case, ACCC was hoping courts judgement in its favour but in this case, ACCC was doubtful about the favourable decision of the court. Duties breached by ANZ This is the case of price fixing. In price fixing, the competitors agree on a same price rather than competing with each other. The duties breached by Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited include duty not to use the information in improper manner, duty related to good faith and duty of care. The reason behind the establishment of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission is to give protection to the interests of consumers (Le Roy, et al., 2017). In this case, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited breached three duties which affect the consumers at the end. The first duty breached because of fixing of prices is duty not to use information in improper manner, Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited used the market information for illegal purpose and fixed the prices by properly understanding the consumer preferences. The second breached duty is duty related to good faith. Every industry which is operating in the market is expected to conduct its busine ss with proper rules and regulation, honesty and without harming the interests of consumers. Price fixing is against of all these principles. The last duty that was breached by Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited is duty of care. Customers are the main motive of every business (Stellios and Richman, 2016). Customers should be attracted with duty of care. This duty is attached with the business from the day of set-up of the business. Every organization is required to handle the customers with care. By fixing of prices, ANZ breached this duty because fixing of prices ultimately results in the loss to customers. Impact of courts decision on the operating of companies in Australia Price fixing by one company affects the consumers and other companies operating in the same market. For example: if consumer goods are transported by freight and if there is fixing of price of freight then it results in affecting the whole chain of supply and increases the prices of goods. In this way price fixing affects the market and the companies operating in the market as a whole. Price fixing is illegal under the Competition and Consumer act, 2010 in Australia (Petrucci, 2017). This decision impacted the other companies operating in the same industry because this competition was not a healthy competition. It is an impending competition that resulted from anti-competitive practices between Mortgage refunds and ANZ. Conclusion According to the report, the ACCC vs ANZ case is related to price fixing. Price fixing is an illegal activity as per the corporation law and Competition and consumer act, 2010. The decision in this case was against Australian Competition and Consumer Commission and in favour of ANZ. ACCC is unsuccessful in its allegation because there is no evidence for such price fixing with Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. This was the major factor behind the failure of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission were unable to prove that Mortgage refunds and ANZ were the competitors for loan arrangement services. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission fought two cases of price fixing against Fight centre and ANZ. ACCC succeed in its case against Fight centre because at that time, the court had sufficient proof that Fight centre and other airlines services were competitors in the market. One thing that needs to be focused in this case is that careful consideration should be given to evidence. References ACL (2015) ACCC v ANZ Ltd. [Online]. Available at: https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/cases/2013anz.html (Assessed: 22 September, 2017). Adams, M.A. (2016) Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures, Governance Directions, 68(6), p.335. Akman, P. and Sokol, D.D. (2017) Online RPM and MFN Under Antitrust Law and Economics, Review of Industrial Organization, 50(2), pp.133-151. Journals talk (2016) Australian Journal of Competition and Consumer Law update. [Online]. Available at: https://sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/journals/2016/03/20/australian-journal-of-competition-and-consumer-law-update-march-2016-2/ (Assessed: 22 September, 2017). Le Roy, F., Sentis, P. and Jerson, A. (2017) The Impact of Conviction for Anti?Competitive Practices on Firm Valuation: A Contingency Approach, Managerial and Decision Economics, 38(4), pp.534-546. MacCallum, W. (2016) Accessorial liability of board members, Governance Directions, 68(3), pp.164. McHugh, N. and Foster, C. (2016) Collaborations among competitors in energy and resources projects-a competition law primer, Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal, 35(1), p.20. Oliver, J. and Schoff, P. (2017) Agency and Competition Law in Australia Following ACCC vs Flight Centre Travel Group, Journal of European Competition Law Practice, 8(5), pp.321-328. Petrucci, C. (2017) Subsidiarity in Directive 2014/104 EU on damages actions for breach of EU competition law, European Public Law, 23(2), pp.395-421. Stellios, K. and Richman, A. (2016) Competition law: Extending the reach of Australia's cartel laws, Governance Directions, 68(8), pp.494. Varney, C. (2016) The Cartels and Leniency Review. Law Business Research Limited. Yuile, A. (2017) Case notes: High court judgments, Ethos: Official Publication of the Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory, (243), pp.52.

Poland free essay sample

â€Å"You ready to go† asks my wrestling coach. I think do I have everything am I ready for this? I had never been out of the country before but here I go, in 8th grade and traveling to Poland to compete on the international level. I made the world team at 116lbs. and a it’s a week before and I still weigh 123lbs. How can I make weight? We finally arrive in Poland after what seems days on the plane and we start the 3 hour car ride to our competition site. Its three team mates and myself, alone with our polish driver. He doesn’t even speak English. We stop many times with the other van nowhere in sight one of the wrestlers starts getting worried were in trouble but we calm him down and tell him there’s nothing to worry about. After an hour we finally arrive at our hotel. We will write a custom essay sample on Poland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They give us a skeleton key for our room. â€Å"What’s that for haha?†, â€Å"such a nice hotel right guys?† just a few comments made about our hotel. The day of weigh inns comes and I’ve cut all 7lbs to make weight. Although this week hasn’t been easy I have been adapting to life in Poland like warm milk not understanding anyone and no one understanding me. But there’s no time for worrying I need to compete. The tournament is going well and I make the finals for the next day. After getting back to our hotel I’m walking back to my room when I’m grabbed by four polish boys who are trying to get me into their room. As they get me in one of my teammates sees and rushes to help me after yelling for more help the rest of my team is there getting me free, one kid goes for our coach. After hours of dealing with authorities I can finally go to bed I have to wrestle tomorrow. I get a few hours of sleep and have to start getting ready for my match. Tired, in culture shock, and having a rough night I walk out onto the mat and the match begins. Three minutes and 27 seconds later. My hand is raised I won both periods and didn’t give up a point the entire tournament. It was like a dream come true I wrestled on the international level and won. But not only did I win my team also won I couldn’t have been happier I called my dad to let him know how I did and it was right after he got married to my step mom. I could hear all the people at the wedding yelling good job to me, and I couldn’t wait to get home to show off my awards. To many people this story is amazing and they love hearing it. I chose to tell this one because I feel it really shows a lot about me like I’m dedicated to what I do, or that I don’t back down from challenges I find a way to do them, I don’t crumble under pressure or diversity, And even in hard times and new experiences I can make the best of it.

Control As Enterprise Reflections On Privatization And Criminal Justi

Control As Enterprise: Reflections On Privatization And Criminal Justice Thank you very much for the welcome, and for giving my talk. When the Fraser Institute called me last year, they rang up and said they were having a conference and we would like to invite you, and I thought I think you have the wrong person. Basically, everybody else there, except myself and one person from Nova Scotia, were in favour of privatization and very strongly in favour of it, especially with respect to prisons. It was actually very educational and interesting to engage in that debate. First of all I would like to thank you very much for the invitation and to wish you all the best with your new programme. I am glad that you have asked me to speak about privatization and criminal justice because I am sure that nobody here needs me to remind you that privatization is one of the issues of our time. We see this in Canada in the context of budget cuts and trying to reduce the deficit, where privatization is often posed as a solution to problems we are faced with fiscally. We also see it in the West generally. You only look at the labour party in Britain, the new government, to see that they are far more open now to at least some aspects of privatization then would have been the case twenty years ago. I think if we look around the globe in general we see that privatization is an issue in many other places also, and I am thinking here in particular of Russia and other Central and Eastern European countries where there has been massive privatization in the 1990s. I spent 1 993\94 in Lithuania and saw what was going on there, and the scale was phenomenal. I think that made me sensitive to just how big the changes are that can take place, and also sensitized me to how once privatization is set in motion, it can take on an impotice of its own, one that might surprise even the very people that initiated it. That is one reason why even with private prisons, that right now are very minuscule proportionately to prisons in general, that we should take this issue very seriously because it can accelerate and develop in the future. I am also glad that you have invited me to speak about privatization here because although we are surrounded by privatization, including in criminal justice, this phenomenon is relatively little researched. The one exception here might be private police, there has been a fair bit written on private police. But beyond that there is many aspects of privatization in criminal justice that have not received adequate attention. So on the one hand we are surrounded by the phenomenon and on the other hand we don't know as much about it as we should. Even my own work, I might add, privatization is more or less a tangent for me as I do other areas of research. I think it is indication that very few people in Canada, criminologists, are systematically focussing on this but I keep getting roped back into this. I just wish I had three lives at once so that I could pursue it the way I really want to. Privatization is an area that really needs attention, and lets hope that students here at St. Thomas are going to take this up. Let me just mention one or two topics that need attention. Many people talk about privatization in criminal justice, including myself, mention that it is likely that private companies will try and influence criminal justice policy in various places. Yet when you look for the empirical support for this there is very little factual information there. Or we talk a bit about the decline of the military in industrial conflicts, the end of the Cold War, and new markets opening up for these companies internationally and we see some of the companies moving from the United States into Britain, Australia and now also Canada, and we hear things about them moving into Latin American countries and East European countries, but again this international dimension is one that there has been very

Understanding Stratified Samples and How to Make Them

Understanding Stratified Samples and How to Make Them A stratified sample is one that ensures that subgroups (strata) of a given population are each adequately represented within the whole sample population of a research study. For example, one might divide a sample of adults into subgroups by age, like 18-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60 and above. To stratify this sample, the researcher would then randomly select proportional amounts of people from each age group. This is an effective sampling technique for studying how a trend or issue might differ across subgroups. Importantly, strata used in this technique must not overlap, because if they did, some individuals would have a higher chance of being selected than others. This would create a skewed sample that would bias the research and render the results invalid. Some of the most common strata used in stratified random sampling include age, gender, religion, race, educational attainment, socioeconomic status, and nationality. When to Use Stratified Sampling There are many situations in which researchers would choose stratified random sampling over other types of sampling. First, it is used when the researcher wants to examine subgroups within a population.  Researchers also use this technique when they want to observe relationships between two or more subgroups, or when they want to examine the rare extremes of a population. With this type of sampling, the researcher is guaranteed that subjects from each subgroup are included in the final sample, whereas simple random sampling does not ensure that subgroups are represented equally or proportionately within the sample. Proportionate Stratified Random Sample In proportional stratified random sampling, the size of each stratum is proportionate to the population size of the strata when examined across the entire population. This means that each stratum has the same sampling fraction. For example, let’s say you have four strata with population sizes of 200, 400, 600, and 800. If you choose a sampling fraction of  ½, this means you must randomly sample 100, 200, 300, and 400 subjects from each stratum respectively. The same sampling fraction is used for each stratum regardless of the differences in population size of the strata. Disproportionate Stratified Random Sample In disproportionate stratified random sampling, the different strata do not have the same sampling fractions as each other. For instance, if your four strata contain 200, 400, 600, and 800 people, you may choose to have different sampling fractions for each stratum. Perhaps the first stratum with 200 people has a sampling fraction of  ½, resulting in 100 people selected for the sample, while the last stratum  with 800 people has a sampling fraction of  ¼, resulting in 200 people selected for the sample. The precision of using disproportionate stratified random sampling is highly dependent on the sampling fractions chosen and used by the researcher. Here, the researcher must be very careful and know exactly what he or she is doing. Mistakes made in choosing and using sampling fractions could result in a stratum that is overrepresented or underrepresented, resulting in skewed results. Advantages of Stratified Sampling Using a stratified sample will always achieve greater precision than a simple random sample, provided that the strata have been chosen so that members of the same stratum are as similar as possible in terms of the characteristic of interest. The greater the differences between the strata, the greater the gain in precision. Administratively, it is often more convenient to stratify a sample than to select a simple random sample. For instance, interviewers can be trained on how to best deal with one particular age or ethnic group, while others are trained on the best way to deal with a different age or ethnic group. This way the interviewers can concentrate on and refine a small set of skills and it is less timely and costly for the researcher. A stratified sample can also be smaller in size than simple random samples, which can save a lot of time, money, and effort for the researchers. This is because this type of sampling technique has a high statistical precision compared to simple random sampling. A final advantage is that a stratified sample guarantees better coverage of the population. The researcher has control over the subgroups that are included in the sample, whereas simple random sampling does not guarantee that any one type of person will be included in the final sample. Disadvantages of Stratified Sampling One main disadvantage of stratified sampling is that it can be difficult to identify appropriate strata for a study. A second disadvantage is that it is more complex to organize and analyze the results compared to simple random sampling. Updated by  Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Policies and practice in health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Policies and practice in health - Essay Example Diabetes could cause several harmful and long term impacts upon the human health due to which the importance of combating this problem with the help of adequate health policy has been widely realized. The healthcare professionals and healthcare policy makers widely agree that it is very imperative to formulate and implement sound policies and health plan to address the issues and concerns associated with the human health and diabetes effects (Ekoke et al, 2001, p98). In United Kingdom the prevalence of diabetes has considerable increased over the last few decades and every passing year is adding thousands of people in the list of diabetic patients in the country. The situation is becoming worst with each passing day because the problems of obesity and overweighting have also become problem due to which the type2 diabetes is also becoming very common among the people. Since the ratio of diabetes has been continuously increasing with alarming rate, the situation demands the wakeup call by the health campaigners so that this ratio could be reduced and the main factors behind the increase in diabetes cases could be worked out (Diabetes UK, 2001, p83). ... sing numbers of diabetic patients in the country has built pressure upon NHS because it has the responsibility of formulating policies to prevent the accordance of such diseases with such a high rate. While responding to this critical need NHS has worked on several strategic healthcare plans to assure the safety of the citizens from diabetes and other health problems that could evolve from diabetes (Hoffman R et al, 2002, p1748). NHS has demonstrated that the main objective of its health plan related with diabetes is based upon the objective of reducing the number of diabetes patient and improving the care for the people suffering from this disease. NHS diabetes policy aims to develop partnership with the healthcare staff so that these people could also be motivated and properly trained to deal with the people having diabetes (Department of Health, 2010, p23). The National Health Service plan for diabetes instructs the healthcare staff to offer structures and proactive care to the pe ople so that they could be able to manage their own health conditions at their own by taking adequate care of their disease through proper awareness and information about diabetes. NHS has also set up several local diabetes networks to robust the mechanism and policies implemented at the national level so that the benefits of the policies could be spread at local level as well. In this regard, NHS has worked for joint working relations between the Local Health Boards and the Local Diabetes Service Advisory Groups. The place register and clinical management system are also assured within the healthcare centres to allow systematic management and monitoring of the healthcare policies and their outcomes (Department of Health, 2010, p23). There have been several important plans and policies